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| Eclectic allusions (swiss chalet, timber frame, oriental) make an intriguing facade |
If you live in a house built before WWII, chances are it came with some sort of ornamental detailing that ‘alludes’ to other eras in the history of buildings. By ‘alludes’, I mean that the detailing refers to, recalls or echoes something that was common in prior times. Sometimes these details mimic groupings of features from a specific period, but more often, as with bungalows, they are an eclectic mix drawn from various times and places that the designer felt would help to impart a convincing look to the building. While such details may seem no more than arbitrary choices, how they work together with the form of your house is what gives it distinctive character.
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| Slender turned pillars supporting this verandah allude to Roman times |
Playful or serious, simple or grand, added-on or integral to structure, ornament that alludes to prior periods abounds on and inside older homes. Take those columns holding up the verandah roof (above) – they might be turned wood in proportions reminiscent of the sleek Tuscan pillars of Roman antiquity, themselves allusions to stone pillars found at ancient Greek temples.
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| Massive chamfered posts support a heavy roofline |
Or perhaps they’re solid but stylishly chamfered posts that distantly recall the art of timber-frame carpentry.
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| A sleeping porch with scroll-sawn balusters alluding to a Swiss chalet |
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| These sawn balusters refer to the design of a classic table leg, upside-down |
The verandah’s railings might have delicate scroll-sawn balusters that refer indirectly to an elegant table leg (upside down, photo above), or the roof over the verandah might be slightly lifted at the peak and tips, in a somewhat oriental manner (photo below).
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| This roof is lifted at its peak & edges, for effect |
Or, its shingles may be rolled over the edges of the roof, vaguely recalling the look of a thatch-roofed cottage (photo below).
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| A roof rolled over its edges alluding to the look of a thatch-roofed cottage |
Or, if by chance it's Craftsman-influenced, it may come with knee-braces, an allusion to post-and-beam carpentry (photo below).
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| Stylized knee-braces alluding to post-and-beam carpentry |
All of these references are to things that worked in their time, that the eye liked generally, and that felt as if they belonged where they were placed. Architects chose and assembled them in order to impart a distinctive character to individual buildings, in an era when how a house looked to the world mattered more than it does nowadays.
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| A Queen Anne cottage with allusions galore, but perhaps too many colours |
Some buildings come with so many allusions that the eye sees only a jumble lacking integration (a criticism levelled at Victorian-era buildings by modernist architects, with some reason). Other houses, like those of the bungalow era, are more chaste in their overall effect because their designers governed their choices with greater restraint (even though it could sometimes be wildly eclectic).
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| Tudor, Craftsman, and timber frame, frankly achieved in this modern house |
Craftsman-style houses were consciously designed to eliminate excessive detailing, preferring instead to focus on proportions, structural expression, and the drawing-out of effects of properties inherent in the finishing materials (like the wooden shingles alternated artfully below in a refurbished Vancouver home).
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| Wooden shingles used artfully, above an allusion to timber framing |
Often designers could be indirect in their use of allusion, burying their choices at several removes from literal interpretation. A distant original feature could serve to inspire a novel interpretation, without any attempt at literal replication.
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| This Maclure alludes to something, but what's not clear |
Or, if designing a building for their own use, they deploy the allusions so indirectly that perhaps only they actually realize they exist.
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| Modernism was anti-allusion until it developed conventions, to which new builds allude |
And of course modernist architecture believes it doesn’t allude to anything but its creator's intentions, making it entirely pure and self-referential, by which move it hopes to avoid the conundrum of being derivative.
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| Mixing allusions for effect: Tudor boards, exposed beams, dimpled stucco |
The Hubert Savage bungalow came with a variety of allusions added to its distinctly California-influenced design (the bungalow form itself is laden with allusions to its origins in Bengal, India and its subsequent evolution as colonial architecture). As befits a design developed in 1913 Victoria – at that point a very English sort of place – this scheme refers overtly to Tudor-era buildings, as shown by its cross-gabled façade and decorative boards in the gable ends. A combination of boards and plaster panels in the gables hints at the wooden half-timbers and wattle-and-daub infill of Tudor-era walls, whose distinctive appearance still characterizes living buildings from the epoch. But here they just hint abstractly without trying to replicate.
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| Tudor boards in the gables: distant reference to a bygone era, for effect |
Savage sprinkled Tudor references throughout his bungalow, as in the delicate arches above inset shelves built into the kitchen, dining room, and one bedroom's walls (photo below). This distinctive form of arch, albeit choose-able on aesthetic grounds alone, suggests a desire to seek continuity with the English cultural past.
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| The arched inset shelving alludes to the Tudor era |
But Savage employed it as a motif to enrich the built-in décor of a then-modern house, and not structurally as it was used in Tudor times. This style of arch is unique in that its crown is flattened, similar to a Persian or Islamic arch from which it may have derived, and contrasting strongly with the pointed Gothic arches common in its day.
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| Allusions to Tudor: boxed beams, wainscots, Tudor-style arches, leaded glass |
Other Tudor references common to many bungalows are the boxed beams in the living and dining room ceilings, recalling the exposed beams of actual Tudor ceilings, and the wood-panelled wainscots that lend a feeling of built-in furniture to the walls. Designers utilized these details not because they wanted to mimic Tudor times, but rather because they found them effective for the appearance and furnishing of their principal rooms.
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| Honeycomb-pattern window alludes to Tudor fascination with leaded glass |
Savage’s bungalow also comes with an array of leaded glass windows, in rectangular, diamond-paned and even a honey-combed (hexagonal) pattern, which is consistent with the Tudor enthusiasm for these small-paned, multi-faceted windows.
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| Tudor boards combined with exposed rafter tails on this Maclure bungalow |
Tudor allusions were widespread in Victoria houses of the day, a trend reinforced by style-defining architects like Samuel Maclure, who deftly used them to render buildings expressing comforting continuity with an apparently familiar past. Yet even in grander houses built for the uber-wealthy, these allusions were never an attempt to literally replicate, but rather an effective way of symbolizing continuity while gaining a familiar look and feeling for these living spaces. Maclure’s expressive use of Tudor detailing produced striking buildings that remain convincing works of art to this day.
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| Tudor boards, signature decorative finial, in this modest Maclure bungalow |
Not all of the Savage bungalow’s allusions are to Tudor. Nor are they all manifest or indeed obvious, some being masked and inviting speculation. One that I recognized some years after moving in is the ‘face’ that’s clearly visible in the design of our brick fireplace. Once you make out this unusual feature, it’s obviously been placed there intentionally, but typically it passes unnoticed because the eye simply doesn’t resolve the pattern in the brickwork. I used the room for years before mine picked it out against the background, but when I finally perceived it, it was thereafter inescapable. Heritage building consultant Stuart Stark, on the other hand, picked it up immediately, with his detective-like eye.
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| Once the eye discerns it, the face in the fireplace was evidently intentional |
But just what does this face allude to? There I’m afraid I’m going on hunches alone, simply because it’s not a literal reference. One possibility is that it’s simply anthropomorphic, which is an ungainly term standing for the act of incorporating human features into a building. This choice is akin to a form of animism, whereby humans project a living spirit onto natural forces or animals, except that here it’s the human face rendered into the inanimate. But I don’t really think that this is likely, as there are no other indications in the building that I can detect.
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| Moderately anthropomorphic garage at this restored Maclure mansion |
Another line of speculation might interpret it around the primacy of the fireplace in the ideology of the bungalow, and the focal role it plays in the room where much of family life unfolded. Control of fire for cooking and heating is at the core of human cultural evolution and is celebrated in all familial life in all settled communities (until lately, at least).
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| Skara Brae: neolithic site showing a central hearth in an early human settlement |
The fireplace and hearth remain potent symbols of our mastery of the elements and of the sense of domestic haven that this control affords us (one which is thought to have been under our control since Neanderthal times, i.e., over 400,000 years). In Greek antiquity (which formed the crucible of western civilization) the hearth itself symbolized both family and domesticity, and was important enough to have its very own Goddess, called Hestia, who oversaw the sacred place where fire was kept.
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| Vase painting of Hestia, hearth goddess |
Hestia was among the primary gods of ancient Greece, venerated in temples where virgins apparently kept sacred flames. She was also the primary goddess of domestic life, “the giver of all domestic happiness and blessings” and deemed to be present in every individual dwelling. The bungalow’s prioritization of family life in a room anchored by a focal fireplace expresses continuity with these ancient domestic ways. So my hunch is simply that the face worked into the fireplace bricks is an indirect reference to an ancient hearth goddess who inspirited all individual homes – a remote pagan allusion in a modern Anglican household. The thought that this face distantly refers to Hestia is reinforced by the fact that Hubert Savage was an architect building a hearth-centred home for his own family, and that Hestia is also credited in lore with having taught men the art of building houses.
I feel more certain of the meaning of another deeply buried allusion I believe I’ve unearthed, in the form of a barrel-vaulted back room that Savage cleverly tucked in under a lifted roof extension. Designed as a summer tea room (as it's shown on plan), a British variant of the open sleeping porches often found in early bungalows, this tiny room serves many purposes integral to the home’s operation (back entry, hallway, utility hub, cooling cupboard, garden room, and more.) It can only work because of the barrel-vaulted ceiling, scooping out just enough height to enable the room to be functional.
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| Curious coved ceiling alluding to a railway carriage |
I was attracted to the unusual curve of that ceiling from the moment I first saw it (it imparts a snug and cozy feeling to the room), yet I had no inkling that it might be an allusion until years later. It was while perusing Anthony King’s engaging history of the bungalow as the first global house form that I had my ‘aha’ moment (The Bungalow: The Production of a Global Culture). King relates the early twentieth century linkage of the bungalow with things bohemian and artistic in England, an association that arose from their popularity with theatre types who escaped to seaside locations where these recreational homes served as getaways. Such resorts developed a bit of a racy reputation as regards enabling individual freedoms and looser styles of living, making them rather controversial in stuffy old England, yet emblematic of freedom for those more concerned to be hip. One community in particular, a resort known as Shoreham by Sea, had clusters of these permissive bungalows in an area that came to be known as Bungalow Town.
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| Recycled railway carriages were often used as recreational housing in Britain |
I was fascinated to learn that it was common at the time to use surplus rail-passenger cars as ready-made bungalows – often two or three of these would be attached and turned into serviceable recreational housing. (Railways were a huge invention in industrial England and fifty years after they first flourished, there were a great many surplus rail passenger cars that were cheap to acquire). Pictures in Anthony King’s book illustrate the distinctive curve and banding pattern to the ceilings of these metal cars, some of which continue to serve as houses to this day. The curved ceiling in our back room is highly reminiscent of an early railway passenger car. I can’t help but think that Hubert Savage, a newly expatriate British architect, building his own home bungalow-style near the seaside, took the opportunity to bury an allusion to the use of these ready-made rail-car bungalows in his native England. And that, by extension, he thus reinforced an association of his modern bungalow with the ‘free and easy living’ that was being marketed as part and parcel of the bungalow-lifestyle across North America.
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| Three railway carriages as a makeshift bungalow, still in active daily use |
Like most allusions in architecture, this is no more than an indirect reference to something past and unlikely to be seen as such by those who inhabit or use the building over time. Nor is it necessary to see it in order to use and enjoy the building. Yet these details comprise the building’s living character and fabric, and their particular combinations help create its distinct personality. I have to admit to a certain satisfaction in being able to recognize especially the buried references – it’s rather like being let in on a private entertainment!
Books For Looks:
The Bungalow: The Production of a Global Culture, A. D. King, 1995
